Notes on Anil Essay

However, he sees people outside and discovers the Headman’s brother, Marimuthu hanging a woman, at which he is traumatised. The next day, the body has been taken down and we learn that it is Marimuthu’s wife. However, Marimuthu is pretending that his wife has commited suicide. Anil tells the village & the Headman that he saw Marimuthu kill the woman and the Headman goes off to talk to Anil’s father about him. In the next section, we learn that Anil is being sent to school (a great opportunity) but it is so that the Headman can cover up his brother’s actions as a murderer. At the end, both father & son explore their decisions and whether they made the right/wrong choice given the consequences. The last scene shows the Headman & his brother, the Headman smiling at his brother and the brother showing relief that they got away with it. Form †¢ †¢ Omniscient narrator – allows us to learn the feelings of each of the characters – an overview of the story. Short story bildungsroman: shows the character growing up/maturing when he learns the nature of good/evil and something about morality, â€Å"I will never forget this town and the sin that it buries today. As a child, we believe in right & wrong and that sins are punished. However, he learns that there is not always justice in the world, and in fact sin is metaphorically buried. †¢ Epiphany: as above: â€Å"I will never forget this town and the sin that it buries today. † (line 216. ) Structure †¢ †¢ Lines 93-95- powerful visual- cinematic description of the body shocks us- climax shocking so early in the story. Lines 41- 60- the boy’s fears are presented: father, fear of the dark, mosquito, ghosts- writer uses one word lines to reflect the tension, ‘They. Peyi. Pesase. Ghosts. ’- also ‘Dare he? ’- the omniscient narrator draws us into Anil’s mind. Lines 159-160- the second section is used to describe the aftermath where Anil finds himself accusing the murderer, ‘You killed her. ’ We are left on a cliff-hanger as we wonder what the consequences will be, ‘†¦ about this son of yours. ’ See epiphany is form. Lines 198-202- we are now given Ragunathan’s perspective and the writer presents his confused shame as Anil is sent away. †¢ †¢ †¢ Language †¢ Lines 1-14 (opening paragraph): heat is emphasised to create a claustrophobic and confined setting, ‘hot, sweltering’- contrasts with the image of the star Anil watches, ‘a small star shone†¦ ’ as his dreams set him apart (omniscient narrator allows us to see Anil’s perspective and draws us to him. ) Lines 21-31- physical details of mother reinforce the heat and discomfort/pain of the setting and their lives, ‘wet patch†¦ layers of fat’- a child’s view amuses us ‘Wheee†¦ the fly slid down’ but is mixed with the accepted pain/violence/abuse ‘the bruise†¦where Appa†¦ had hit her. ’ Lines 69- 74- symbolism of the tree- from childish view ‘†¦ a tree that ate little children. ’ To shocking reality ‘They were hanging a woman. Lines 222- end- the worm simile used to describe how Marimuthu views the train/the truth within Anil reflects the relief he feels at having escaped justice- the heat of his wife’s injustice distorts the train and makes the image sinister, but even more sinister to the reader is the ‘shadow of a smile’ which hints that all is under control again. †¢ †¢ †¢ How to use PETER for analysis: P- The writer uses a star at the beginning of the story and after the climax of the murder to highlight Anil’s innocence and isolation, E- ‘silencing the sobs that wracked his little body, as a star shimmered above. ’ T- The repeated symbolism of the star as well as the alliteration of ‘silencing the sobs’ and ‘star shimmered’ E- draws our attention to his vulnerability and perhaps loss of innocence as he witnesses such a crime. R- We cannot help but feel pity for Anil’s character as we share his pain and terror. O- create your own other interpretation here.

The Death of King Tut

Tutankhamun’s tomb is the only royal tomb in Egypt to have escaped the discovery of looters and was discovered by archeologist Howard Carter. The death of Tutankhamun was a sudden tragedy that til this day has yet to be solved. The cause of the famous teenage king’s death has been a long drawn out mystery with a range of theories as to how he met his end. There are no historical records explaining the cause or circumstances of his death, nor is there no positive evidence to suggest how he died. However, there are several theories and many of which have changed over the years.One theory suggests that King Tut was murdered. During an xray of the mummy in 1968, scientists found â€Å"bone fragments in King Tut’s skull prompting this theory†. Another theory as to what caused King Tut’s death was a genetic disorder known as gynecomastia, a hormone imbalance which gives males a female appearance. The final theory was that he died from a â€Å"break in th e bone just above his left knee. † Technology showed that this happened while he was still alive and was probably the result of falling from a chariot and developed an infection in the wound.Furthermore, after many speculations and testing performed on the mummy to find the cause of death, it still remains a mystery. Although there is evidence to potentially prove each of these theories to be true, I believe there are two reasons why he died. While he was alive, he fractured a thigh bone which had gotten infected. This infection spread throughout his body and eventually killed him. The CT scan showed a thin coating of embalming resin around the leg break which suggested that he broke his leg just before he died. The resin â€Å"flowed through the wound and got into direct contact with the fracture and became solidified. There was no evidence or signs of healing of the bone and that is most likely what had killed him. There were no antibiotics 3,000 years ago, and according to Ashraf Selim, a radiologist at Kasr Eleini Teaching Hospital at Cairo University in Egypt, â€Å"the probability of a severe infection resulting from such a break would be quite high. †In addition, the authors led by Dr. Zahi Hawass from the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Cairo, results suggest â€Å"avascular bone necrosis (condition in which the poor blood supply to the bone leads to weakening or destruction of an area of bone) in conjunction ith the malarial infection† was most likely the cause of death in Tutankhamun. In conclusion, there has not yet been a definite cause of death for King Tut, but studies and tests performed on the mummy body mostly point to infection as his cause of death. He died at a very young age, however the medications and technology was not there like it is today. There will continue to be studies and testing done, but there will always only be speculation because he died so long ago.Resources Alleyne, Richard. (February 16, 2010). Kin g Tut Died of Malaria and Bone Condition, Says New Research. http://www. elegraph. co. uk/science/science-news/7251320/King-Tut-died-of-malaria-and-bone-condition-says-new-research. html Hasan, Lama. Crystal Phend (February 16, 2010). How King Tut Died Revealed in New Study. http://abcnews. go. com/Health/LivingLonger/king-tut-died-revealed-study/story? id=9853119 Lovgren, Stefan. (December 1, 2006). King Tut Died From Broken Leg, Not Murder, Scienctists Conclude. http://news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2006/12/061201-king-tut. html. Sayre, Henry. (2011). The Humanities: Culture, Continuity and Change. The Stability of Ancient Egypt. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall

Kite Runner Essay

â€Å"There is a way to be good again† (2). This is the line that rolls through Amir’s mind over and over throughout Khaled Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner. This is the story of a man’s struggle to find redemption. The author illustrates with the story of Amir that it is not possible to make wrongs completely right again because it’s too late to change past. In this novel Hosseini is telling us that redemption is obtainable, and by allowing us to see Amir’s thought process throughout the novel, Hosseini shows us that it guilt is the primary motivation for someone who seeks redemption. Hosseini also uses not only the main character, but other secondary characters to show how big of a part that guilt plays in the desire for redemption. In this novel, redemption is not when things are justified, because the wrong has been done and you can’t go back to the past and change things to make it right. Rather, as defined in a letter to Amir by an old family friend, Rahim Khan, redemption is when the guilt from something wrong leads to something good (302). Guilt is a strong incentive in a quest for redemption and it isn’t easy to shake. There is a way to be good again† Rahim Khan said to Amir in the beginning of the novel, insinuating that there was hope. That there was a way for Amir to have peace with himself and let go of his guilt. This phrase was something that echoed in Amir’s mind throughout the novel and would be a reminder that there was a way to be rid of the guilt that plagued him, a way to be good again. We can see how heavy this guilt is even at the beginning of the novel when we don’t even know the reason why he would be guilty. Amir begins his story by telling us â€Å"I became what I am today at the age of 12† 1). The first thing we notice is that he says â€Å"what I am today† rather than â€Å"who† and as we finish the first chapter it leaves us with the slightly bitter feeling that the narrator has dark past that he cannot shake, a past that has been hovering over his life. He gives us the idea that he is not happy with who he has become, and it was his wrong doing that made it that way. Hosseini shows that it is Amir’s immense guilt that drives him to want to make things right and to earn redemption. We learn about Amir’s guilt through his memorie s. It is caused by a lack of response at a time when his loyal servant and close friend Hassan is in trouble. Amir makes a conscious decision to hide in the distance and just watch, not because he was afraid. He sacrifices Hassan in order to earn his father’s attention and affection. This decision results in Hassan suffering though a traumatic experience and is the root of Amir’s lasting regret. At first, Amir does not seek to earn redemption. We know that he is ashamed at what he has done but he prefers to hide his guilt rather than confess and redeem himself right away. After the incident, Amir attempted to avoid Hassan at all costs. Even when Hassan approached him to see if he wanted to go for a walk, like they used to do frequently, Amir refused to go with him and told him to go away (88). He knew that he didn’t deserve his friends unwavering love and loyalty. This is just the beginnings of his guilt. We leave Amir’s childhood memories and return to the summer of 2001, where Amir and Baba, Amir’s father, have moved to America (191). Amir embraced this move as a chance to bury his memories and forget his past in hopes to remove his guilt. With Hassan on the other side of the world, Amir doesn’t have any problem avoiding him and yet many times his memories would still sneak up on him. Some of the littlest things would remind him of his friend, and bring back the shame of the wrong that he had done. When Amir first saw the Pacific Ocean he recalls a promise he made Hassan that one day they would walk and play along the beach (136). Even after ten years had gone by, he continued to attempt to bury his past, but we see that the guilt still doesn’t leave. When he discussed his story with Soraya, his future wife, she told him about the time she taught one of her families hired servants how to read. This conversation reminded him of how he used to take advantage of Hassan’s illiteracy (151). Also he remembered that on his wedding night he found himself wondering if Hassan had gotten married and to whom (171). Like these examples, Amir is unsuccessful in removing his guilt by trying to run from it but instead the past constantly came back to haunt him. There are many instances where we can see the guilt that still burdens Amir even later on in the story. More than twenty-five years later, after Amir learns about the death of Hassan, he can’t help but wonder if Hassan would have still been alive if he hadn’t driven Hassan’s family out of his house when they where children. Rahim Khan called Amir back to Pakistan and told him that there was indeed â€Å"a way to be good again† (192). He gives Amir the opportunity to redeem himself by asking him to save Hassan’s son, Sohrab. Amir refuses at first and attempts to come up with excuses to be able to turn Rahim down without adding to his guilt. To convince himself that he wasn’t obligated to save Sohrab. He told himself that he had to be back home with his family and his job, but again the line that Rahim said played through Amir’s head. â€Å"There’s a way to be good again. † Amir knew that this was his last chance to earn his redemption and end his guilt (226). Amir had taken his guilt out on the very people that he had betrayed and then tried to run away from it all. He realizes this and asks himself â€Å"what had I ever done to right things† (303). As Rahim says â€Å"Redemption comes when guilt leads to good. You can may never fully get rid of the guilt or make right what has been wronged, but it is this guilt that motivates you to try. We see in his thought process just how motivated he is by guilt. As much as he doesn’t want to help Sohrab, he is drawn by the need for redemption, and the need to remove his guilt. This line running through his head over and over again shows just how much that guilt has driven him to yearn for things to be right. We don’t get to see Amir reach his point of redemption and we don’t get to watch him be completely relieved of his heavy laden of guilt. However the ending does leave us hopeful. Although nothing has been made right it was the beginning and leaves us with hope and the assurance that Amir is on his way to finding his redemption. Amir describes Sohrab’s lopsided smile at him being like the first snowflake melting in the spring, the first bit of good that had come out of his quest (371). Amir is not the only one who is haunted by his past in this novel. We can also see how guilt drives some of the other characters to find their redemption. This is a huge secret and we learn from Rahim Khan that Baba, for fear of being shamed, had hid the fact that Amir’s lifelong friend was actually his half-brother (223). Rahim tells Amir in a letter that the guilt that Baba carried from, keeping this secret was why he cared so much about the poor, built an orphanage and gave to whoever needed money (302). Even after Baba had done so much good, his past still had haunted him. One example of this was at Amir’s graduation, Baba wished Hassan could have been there too since he was like one of the family (133). Unlike Amir who ran from his chances for redemption, Baba took advantage and made right what was wrong. Rahim Khan also carried this secret with Baba, and this was something that he too sought redemption from. In the same letter, he asked Amir for his forgiveness. Even when Amir was a child Rahim treated him well and was sympathetic to his needs and his lack of self respect. Another secondary character who was searching for redemption in this novel was Amir’s wife Soraya. Before they get married confesses to him about the time she ran away with someone as a teenager and clears up her past which had also haunted her (164). Even after she confessed to Amir, people still talked down about her because of her past (178). Amir, like Baba, Rahim Khan and Soraya, had sinned by what he had done, or rather what he didn’t do. This caused guilt which he attempted to hide, but the memories and the past continued to haunt him, nag at him, and remind him of the person who had loved him so much. The person he had turned around and betrayed in their time of need. This guilt of betrayal weighs on Amir’s character throughout the story, and pushes him to seek out redemption. He longs to â€Å"be good again† and get rid of the guilt that he has carried since he was just twelve years old.

City of Constantine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

City of Constantine - Assignment Example Through the presence of his empress wife Theodora and two generals, namely Belisarius and Narses, Africa and Italy was recovered from Vandals and Ostrogoths respectively. Success was not on his side in the struggle against Persians and avoiding attacks of the Bulgars and Slavs. The greatest achievement of Justinian was the Corpus Juris Civilis, which refers to the codification of Roman law. It was also during Justinian time that many public works took place, and one structure worth mentioning due to its enormous and meticulous construction is the Church of Hagia Sophia. It was designed by the imperial architects of Justinian, Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, and was built from 532 to 537. It was constructed by Constantius II in 360, after the declaration of Byzantium as the capital of the Roman Empire. Hagia Sophia was burned in 404 and was reconstructed in 415 by Theodosius II, but was burned again in 532. It collapsed in 558 due to an earthquake and was rebuilt again i n 563. Constantinople was attacked by the Persians, Arabs, Russians, and Bulgars from 6th to 13th century, and members of the fourth crusade in the succeeding years due to its strategic location in terms of transport and trade among continents.

Heredity, Structure and Function - Discussion Unit 6 SC300 Essay

Heredity, Structure and Function - Discussion Unit 6 SC300 - Essay Example Man, being more gifted than all other animals in terms of intelligence has the responsibility of ensuring that nature is maintained. Otherwise, if it were not for the conscience of people who conserve the environment, more animals and plants would be extinct. However, there are those who do not care and are on the forefront destroying nature. Man is part of nature, and extinction of other creatures does have various effects on him. Some plants are of high value as medicine sources, for example, Cascarilla cinchona pubescens, a source of anti-malarial drug (Robalino, 2009). However, due to its overexploitation it is on the verge of extinction. Thus, man loses, as sources of medicine deplete with time. The dilemma that exists in man’s life is whether to give up on the gains from other creatures to avoid extinction or continue gaining at the cost of the almost extinct creatures. On the other hand, man can continue gaining from the creatures; concurrently, he can evaluate his ways to avoid the creatures from extinction. In the evaluation, man can exploit the creatures but at least provide a replacement of the same. In the case of plants, man can opt to plant others after using them. Ethically, it is man’s responsibility to provide protection to other creatures instead of killing them. Man’s efforts to preserve nature’s creatures face many challenges. These challenges include lack of adequate manpower to fight for the preservation of creatures against those who are after them. If I were president, I would take the initiative to salvage endangered species by introducing a policy that prohibits people from utilizing, in any way, an endangered species, not unless one has a permit. Moreover, for one to get a permit, he or she has to provide a valid and credible purpose of the work and provide a way of preventing extinction of the species. The tradeoff that I would make to enforce the policy is providing a permit

Gun Manufacturer's Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gun Manufacturer's Liability - Essay Example It was due to these persistently occurring firearms caused mortality incidents that spurred the application of legal remedies to regulate the purchase and use of firearms. Regulatory statutes in the past 15 years focused on mandating the legal responsibilities of gun manufacturers in an effort to reduce firearms related deaths. According to former Attorney General Robert Kennedy, "It is a responsibility to put away childish things - to make the possession and use of firearms a matter undertaken only by serious people who will use them with the restraint and maturity that their dangerous nature deserves - and demands" (US Department of Justice 2). Deterring firearms deaths require a holistic solution that targets two major sectors for gun regulation, gun owners and gun manufacturers including the channels of distribution between the two sectors. Every regulatory measure have been met with opposition and criticism from one sector or the other due to the public interest issues involved in gun manufacture and ownership. Strict regulation of gun manufacturers led to the enactment of laws providing the responsibilities and corresponding liabilities of gun manufacturers. An analytical discussion of the responsibilities and liabilities of gun manufacturers, the controversies surrounding the s... In terms of the responsibilities for firearms production, manufacturers hold the duty to design and assemble their products for safe use so that in case of defects they hold liability for injuries and damages subject to the provisions of tort law. The purpose of liability is to motivate gun manufacturers to consider optimum safety in firearms design. This is important since guns together with tobacco are exempt from safety oversight by the federal government. (Low 43) Under tort law, the failure of gun manufacturers to perform their duty of care in ensuring that the firearms they sell to the public are free from foreseeable design defects opens them to liability for negligence based on claims for damages and physical injuries. Penalties for negligence range from suspension and cancellation of businesses licenses to payment of compensation for damages depending upon the extent of link to these incidents. (Cook and Ludwig 2) Responsibility for product design fell upon gun manufacturers because of the significant number of deaths and injuries caused by faulty firearms designs together with recognition that gun manufacturers hold the best position in identifying potential defects and ensuring that the firearms they sell to the public are free from faulty design. Moreover, gun manufacturers have a certain degree of control over the use of the firearms they produce. They can implement certain control mechanisms over the distribution of their products to the criminal market. (Low 43) In relation to the accountability of gun manufacturers for the distribution and sales of firearms, their statutory responsibility is enshrined in the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act 1993 as strengthened by the Youth

Advanced business economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advanced business economics - Essay Example Organizations are physical and even ‘virtual’ setups, where ‘collage’ of humans will work taking different roles and responsibilities.Starting from lower level workers to shareholders, top level management, etcan organization comprises of people with skill and experience, who accomplish their given task. Although, all these people will work in-group for the effective functioning of the organization, there will be an hierarchy. This hierarchy defines the position of the various people inside the organization, with one section of people calling the shots and asking the other sections to function according to their ‘diktats’. This segregation of individuals, according to their role in the establishment and functioning of organization, only leads to the principal-agent relationship, which is particularly visible in the shareholder-manager relationship. In organizational context, the term principal is given to an individual or individuals who have th e authority to hire other individuals to accomplish the set tasks because of their investments and other inputs. The hired individuals, whose duty is to comprehend and carry out the instructions of the principal is known as the agents. This exact principal-agent relationship will be visible in the shareholders and managers relationship, with the shareholders acting as the principal and making the managers work according to their instructions.... However, when viewed from another perspective, this change in equation in the principal-agent relationship, with manager dominating the affairs could lead to problems for the organization, or in particular shareholders. That is, if the shareholders are not equipped to oversee and control the managers, the managers could indulge in actions that may be self-centric, pushing back the organizational goals to the background. Every manager could have personal goals, when he/she is working for the organization. Some times or maximum times, those goals could be in conflict with the owner's or organization’s goals. â€Å"The principal-agent problem arises within the firm when ownership and control are separated and the self-interest of managers may lead them to act other than in the interest of the shareholders.† (Lipsey and Chrystal 2007). This is in line with the Agency theory, which suggests that managers could seek to maximize their goals and benefits, at the expense of shar eholders. The agents or managers will be able to act in a self-centred manner, as they have stronger asymmetric information, thereby causing troubles to the organizations. â€Å"Agents have the ability to operate in their own self-interest rather than in the best interests of the firm because of asymmetric information (e.g., managers know better than shareholders whether they are capable of meeting the shareholders' objectives) and uncertainty.† (Kleiman). The managers could act in a self-interested manner, when it comes to utilizing or ‘consuming’ corporate resources like allocating higher pays, incentives, etc. Even while viewing the supposed detrimental actions of the managers, there are also other aspects, in which the managers can exhibit positive behaviour, thereby taking the

Principles of Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of Employment Relations - Essay Example c issue discussed by critics - â€Å"A broad survey of academic studies shows that while unions can sometimes achieve benefits for their members, they harm the overall economy.†(Sherk, 2009). In modern times there are number of concept associated with the existence of Union in various parts of the globe. If one analyzes the present scenario, union’s role in the modern world is of labor cartels. â€Å"A labor cartel restricts the number of workers in a company or industry to drive up the remaining workers wages, just as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) attempts to cut the supply of oil to raise its price.† (Sherk, 2009). To ensure smooth functioning of the companies, top management in various cases agreed upon to pay out high salary to their employees by affecting their overall profit or by increasing the price of their offerings. Economic study finds that a range of activities of the unions might do well to their members but as an issue of concern it constantly harm consumers in general. Not only that, the actions of Union sometimes hampered the job opportunity for the deserving candidate as well. Although there are number of negative point of views about the role played by the unions in the job market, economy and development of the country, there is some positive side as well. In this paper the main objective is to focus on the role played by the union in Australian economy and how the role of the union changes over the duration of time. The Australian Workers Union over the course of time has demonstrated both positive and negative sides of trade unionism. At times unions have bravely opposed to employers and various organizations’ decisions which were against the benefit or the poor workers. As a matter of fact, the Australian union over a long period of time was not interested to get involved into direct bargaining with their employers but was always committed to ensure national wage-fixing practices of Australian industrial

Sayonara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sayonara - Essay Example ary to their white costars, even though, later, the film would be hailed as an all-time silent film great and classic because of Anna May Wong’s portrayal of Shosho, a dancer discovered in the kitchen of a cabaret and who gets her big break on stage in the owner’s effort to keep is audiences coming in. The film gave top billing to the white actors over Wong, whose performance would be recognized as carrying the film to the top of the list of silent film greats. Nonetheless, the acting success of Wong or her co-actor, King Hou Chang, who played the role of Jim, Shosho’s onscreen boyfriend until the club owner, and white character, played by Jameson Thomas as Valentine Wilmot wins her away from Jim. In the film, Shosho falls in love with Wilmot, even though he is still interested in Mable, the star of the cabaret, played by Gilda Gray. Even though Jim is loyal to Shosho, loves her deeply, she is prepared to lose that for white man, which reduces Jim to being portrayed as a weak Asian man who gives in to his jealous impulses and drives Shosho even further away from him. Jim has to hide his relationship with Shosho, who, unbeknownst to Jim has already lost her virginity to Wilmot. Even though Jim is a respected businessman in his own neighborhood, in London’s East end where Wilmot owns the Piccadilly, Jim must pretend to be Shosho’s musical accompanist in her act. However, Wilmot is a clever man, and he makes sure that Jim finds out that he has already been intimate with Shosho when he sends Jim to his office and Jim finds a good luck figurine he had given to Shosho. Not only is Jim portrayed as less important and less clever than Wilmot, the physicality of the actor in relationship to that of his costar is dramatically emphasized t show that the Wilmot is taller, stronger, and, therefore, presumably, more virile than Jim. This is in keeping with the stereotypical imagery that surrounded the Asian film actor during the era, 1929, when this last

Innovation at apple Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovation at apple - Coursework Example Evidences suggest that many companies have achieved a strong global presence within a short period of time over the last two decades on the strength of their technology and innovation management. The explosive growth of Apple Inc over the last decade is a good example of how a company can create an insanely loyal customer base and dominate the market. This paper will discuss the current significance of innovation and technology management using normative literature and critically analyse the case study to identify contemporary issues in international technology management and hence to justify the arguments. Innovation and technology management Today, companies give specific focus to innovation and technology in order to enhance fast business growth and to master the intense competitive practices brought about by the globalisation forces. In developed countries, innovation is considered as a key tool to address the challenges raised by the low cost producers from emerging economies. A number of the economic reforms introduced over the last few decades have led to the development of new economic powerhouses like India and China, which maintain strong scientific capabilities. In addition, the emergence of globalisation eliminated cross border trade barriers and enhanced the cross border movement of capital, labour, cultures, and ideas. Even though globalisation promotes international trade, products manufactured internationally need to comply with particular needs of targeted markets. Hence, when a multinational corporation markets its products in technologically developed countries like US, UK, or China, it must be able to meet higher level expectation of consumers. Therefore, many of the today’s organisations have established special departments to foster innovation and technological advancements. Innovation management is a recently developed branch of management that particularly deals with execution of various processes in innovation. Generally innovati on can be of two types; product and organisational innovation. Innovation management addresses a set of tools that assist business managers to work together with a common understanding of different objectives and processes. Management experts claim that innovation management greatly benefits an organisation to timely and effectively respond to external or internal growth opportunities and to use its resources to develop new ideas, products, or processes (Rossini 1978, p.45). It must be noted that the scope of innovation management is not limited to research and development activities. In contrast, it encourages frontline workers to top executives to contribute their creativity to the firms’ growth, especially in the areas of manufacturing and marketing. By practicing effective innovation management tools, management can foster employee creativity and gather combined employee efforts towards the sustainable development of the firm (Clark 1980, pp.23-24). Technology management is another set of management disciplines that defines a clear way for organisations to deal with their technological landscape successfully and hence to obtain a competitive edge over their market rivals. The common concepts employed in the technology management are ‘technology strategy, technology forecasting, technology roadmapping, technology project portfolio, and technology portfolio’

Information Technology and Human Resource Part II Research Paper

Information Technology and Human Resource Part II - Research Paper Example In summary, this research paper will discuss on the impacts of social media such as Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter on potential career growth, future business systems, personal and professional privacy as well as, personal and business ethics. Given that Human resource is a department which comprises of individuals who manage the workforce in an organization, the use of social media may be significant in developing the people’s career growth. For instance, socializing with other people in the organization may predict a potential human resource officer. There are various ways in which the use of social media can positively impact the potential growth in a persons’ career, especially in Human Resource. The use of social media will enable the student to know the current issues across the world in regards to their careers and acts as instrumental in business communication (Burack, & McNichols, 2006). It is evident that among the three social networking sites; Twitter, Faceb ook and LinkedIn, Facebook had the highest percentage used by people. The study has also shown that most employers are today looking for social media as a way of disqualifying the candidates; hence this can lead to a negative potential career growth for students who use the media as their means of communication. Therefore, it can be noted that the use of technology has both negative and positive impacts for career development, for instance, LinkedIn and Twitter are the best social sites for promoting businesses, people can be linked with others whom they have connections with (Cunningham, 2013). Twitter has also gained ground in product branding, helping the organizations to link with the customers, marketing, delivery of news as well as, advertising. Generally, the use of social sites are highly beneficial in this process of career development or growth despite the few challenges that are encountered. Today, social media have turned an online marketing into a shared and democratic experience. This means that, most business who wishes to grow and maintain their products must invest in the building as well as, maintaining the social media presence. The research has shown that the future of social media is evolving, and consumers are increasingly turning first to digital media. It is apparent that the future of business is the future of technology (Khine & Fisher, 2003). Therefore, the future of businesses has always been driven as a result of new advancement in technology, which has significant implications for the future of businesses. Today, most organizations are using social media technologies to ensure that their businesses achieve competitive advantage. The social sites have become of a great importance because most companies use them to advertise their products online enabling consumers to get them within the required time (Burack, & McNichols, 2006). The future use of Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter will offer new opportunities for the businesses, partic ularly connecting with customers. This has made most businesses rethink on their future strategies as well as, shifting most of their marketing efforts towards engaging with customers. Technology on future business systems will help most companies to connect with customers that will turn them from passive reactors to advocates. Within my career choice, the future use of social media in businesses will help many organizations in recruiting and selection

High School Conformism Essay Example for Free

High School Conformism Essay Throughout majority of my high school life, I always questioned why things operated the way they did. Being forced to go to a place, or my parents could possibly go to jail. To be honest it sort of felt like a indoctrination. Going there I noticed everything was controlled and different social groups where created based on different peoples personalities. The irony of it all is that from a young age school seemed to indorse individuality, yet hypocritical policies such as school uniforms still took place later in the years. I questioned why there was so much conformity;why was everyone so worried about fitting in? While I cant be the voice for every-ones reasoning behind peer pressure. I can give my own reason for occasionally feelings of peer pressure. The first 2 years of high school felt very much like a fight for my individuality. Id find multiple ways to make myself feel as if I was different; for instance making modifications to my uniform. I also would follow subculture Stereotypes, although at the time I didnt realize it was simple was pressure: The pressure to pull away from what I considered social emptiness. This was a phase thankfully, and thankfully I slowly I began to realize; I was essentially doing what other students where doing, but strangely for the opposite reasoning(to get away from conformism). Id say its a great learning experience, and simply put. The best way to strive for individuality is not striving for individuality. When you force yourself to be different, weather it be following a subculture (beyond your own personal beliefs), or not liking a ideology without doing your own research. Youll definitely fall into the ignorance of conformism. After coming to these conclusions, I decided to become more social; experiencing new things so I could have a opinion, rather than stagnate in ignorance. Ive learned a lot in regards to life, but most importantly I learned a lot about myself. I can finally say that I am a individual. I believe high school has definitely had a impact on me, although I’m sure it wasnt there intention to give me such enlightenment.

Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Childrens Literature English Language Essay

Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Childrens Literature English Language Essay The Oxford Dictionary offers us two definitions of a sentence. Firstly it is defined as a set of words complete in itself as the expression of a thought, containing or implying a subject and predicate, and conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command secondly as a piece of writing or speech between two full stops or equivalent pauses often including several grammatical sentences. (Illustrated Oxford Dictionary, 2003) As DuÃ…Â ¡kovà ¡ says, the definition of a sentence can be made on the base of several points of view. We can be considering the content, function, grammar or phonetics. However a sentence comes into existence when the relationship of its items is fully expressed and that falls into the grammatical point of view. (DuÃ…Â ¡kovà ¡, 1988, str. 309) The Simple sentence Types of sentences according to their syntactic structure A simple sentence is a sentence which consists of only one independent clause. Quirk names seven types of simple sentence according to the presence of clause elements. The simplest structure is a structure consisting of a subject (S) and a verb (V or P as predicator), e.g. The Sun is shining. Another type is (S) subject + (V) verb + (O) object, e.g. That lecture bored me. In the third type of a simple sentence, the verb is followed by subject complement (SVCp), e.g. Your dinner seems ready. The fourth structure has its verb followed by an adverbial (SVA), e.g. My office is in the next building. The following structure consists of subject, verb and two objects from which one is direct (Oi) and the second indirect (Od), e.g. I (S) must send (V) my parents (Oi) an anniversary card (Od). In the sixth type of structure the subject and the verb is followed by an object and an object complement (Co), e.g. Most students have found her reasonably useful. The last type of a simple sentence is a structure where the subject and the verb are followed by an object and an adverbial (SVOA), e.g. You can put the dish on the table. (Quirk, 1985, p. 204) Other variations of clause patterns Passive structures Passive structure, together with the active structure, falls into the category of voice. In passive sentences the structure of the clause is reorganized and the information focus changes. The direct object in active structures can become the subject in passive structures, e.g. They regarded roots as peasant food.à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Roots were regarded as peasant food. The subject of the original active structure either disappears of it changes into an adjunct in the passive structure, using by, e.g. Roots were regarded as peasant food by the court. We recognize two kinds of passive, short, which is more common, and long. We talk about short passives when the agent of the action is not given. When the agent is expressed in the passive structure, introduced by by, we deal with the long passive. As mentioned above, the information focus in passive structures is different compared to the active structures. In passive structures the agent is no more in the centre of attention and the main focus is transferred to the action itself. In some cases, the passive structure is a result of speakers direct intention to avoid mentioning the agent. Existential clauses Existential clause is a kind of clause where the position of the subject is taken by the anticipatory subject, so called existential there. Existential clause are structures containing verbs that denote existence, appearance or motion, especially the verb to be. (Biber, 1999, str. 153) The function of existential clauses is simply to express existence of something. Verb Verb Classes There are three classes of verbs: intransitive, transitive (further divided to monotransitive, ditransitive and complex-transitive) and copular verbs. Each class occurs in a certain type of sentence structure. Intransitive verbs There is no other element required with intransitive verbs; these verbs are a part of the S+V structure, e.g. fly, blink, sleepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Transitive verbs Transitive verbs are all verbs that require an object. Monotransitive verbs: one other element (O) is required (SVO structure), e.g. lose, break, find. Ditransitive verbs: two more elements are required (SVOiOd structure), e.g. give, hand, offer. Complex-transitive verbs: an object complement or an adjunct is necessary in the SVO structure, e.g. keep- They keep the house preserved., call- She called her kitten Smudgie., appoint- They appointed him President. Copular verbs Need a subject complement (SVCs) or an adjunct (SVA), e.g. be, feel, smell. Clause Elements Subject The presence of a subject is necessary in all finite clauses with the exception of the imperative clauses. Though not present, the subject is implied in the imperative clauses. There is one more case when the subject is not stated in the clause and it is the case when the ellipsis is used. Ellipsis, one of the figures of speech, is an omission of a word, a subject in our case, because the speaker expects the listener to be able to deduce the missing word from the context of from the previous knowledge, e.g. Thank you.. The most frequent realization of the subject is by nouns or pronouns, but the subject can be also realized by other word classes and then we are talking about syntactic nouns, e.g. The weak (Adj) must be helped.. The subject determines the number and the person of the verb e.g. John speaks Russian very well., the number, person and gender of the reflexive pronouns, e.g. She could not recognize herself in the mirror. The relationship between the subject and the verb is a relationship of mutual influence. In passive clauses the subject becomes the subject complement using by, e.g. John (S) drove us. and We were driven by John (Cs)., or the agent is omitted. In tag questions, the subject is repeated by a pronoun of the same, person, number and gender, e.g. John is a good teacher, isnt he?. Predicator Predicator is a clause element realized solely by verb. Some grammars do not use the term predicator and call this clause element simply a verb. Predicator may consist of a full verb alone or a full verb accompanied by one or more auxiliary verbs, e.g. Prince Brat knew that he had nothing to fear. He had never been spanked in his life. Predicator is a central element of a clause as it denotes the action do or the state be. Objects There are two types of object, indirect and direct. An object is a sentence element that may be either obligatory or facultative according to the verb. Direct Object Like the indirect object, the direct object is usually a nominal group. When there is no indirect object in the clause, the direct object follows the transitive verb, e.g. He kicked the ball. In complex structures, there may be the anticipatory it in the position of the direct object while the direct object is realized by an infinitive or a subordinate clause, e.g. He found it difficult to tell the truth. He found it sad that she didnt trust him. Indirect Object Is typically realized by a nominal group, e.g. Charles gave Alice a glass of champagne. or by a pronoun. Though very rare, indirect object may be also realized by wh-clause, e.g. Give whoever comes a glass of champagne. It follows only ditransitive verbs. (Biber) Complements A complements is a clausal element that is in relation with either subject (subject complement) or object (object complement). In contrast with the object, the complement cannot be converted into a passive form. Both, subject and object complements are most typically realized by an adjectival group, or by a nominal group. Subject Complement In some grammars (Biber, 1999, str. 126), we can find the subject complement (Cs) under the term subject predicative. The subject complement can be found in SVCs structures, following copular verbs, e.g. This place is beautiful. Object Complement Also called an object predicative (Po) (Biber, 1999, str. 130), the object complement (Co) is a clause element that we can find in structures containing complex transitive verbs (SVOCo). I find this place suitable. As we can see in the example, the object complement relates to the direct object and also usually follows the direct object. (Biber, 1999, str. 130) Adverbials Adverbials are very diverse clause elements. They may be added to any structure and can be found in various positions within the sentence. Adverbials have many semantic roles and may be either optional or obligatory. There are three classes of adverbials named in the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English: circumstance, stance and linking adverbials (Biber, 1999, str. 131), these three categories correspond to Quirks adjunct, disjunct and conjunct. (Quirk, 1985) The most common realizations of adverbials are adverbial groups and prepositional phrases. Adjunct We can say that adjuncts add some circumstance information to the structure. They may be elicited by questioning Where, When, How or Why. Most verbs, even the intransitive ones, are often supplemented by an adjunct, giving the circumstance information, e.g. He died of eating some poisonous mushrooms. If there is no adjunct in a structure with an intransitive verb, the understandability of the utterance is dependent on the context (Quirk, 1985, p. 506), e.g. He ate some poisonous mushrooms and he died. Disjunct Disjuncts are not a real part of the structure. As Quirk says, disjuncts have a superior role in the sentence. (Quirk, 1985, p. 613) Most utterances we produce are not objective, they usually express our attitude or opinion about the content of the utterance. A disjunct is the speakers comment on the content of the utterance, e.g. To be frank, it didnt live up to my expectations. Conjunct As well as disjuncts, conjuncts have relatively superordinate position in the sentence. (Quirk, 1985, p. 631) The function of conjunct is to join relatively independent units by means of expressions like: as well, however, instead, firstly and it also includes reaction signals like hmm, aha, well. The relationship between the two units is set from the point of view of the speaker, e.g. His results are not very good, on the other hand he tried hard. Semantic roles of clause elements There are several semantic roles within every clause element, different grammars offer different classifications, so in this text, I am going to name just those that are relevant for the analysis of childrens literature. Participants Every element of a sentence realized by a noun phrase is a participant, e.g. Prince Brat (S) shot Jemmy (Oi) a poisonous look (Od). (Fleishman, 1987, p. 28) Agent, affected, recipient The role of agent is a typical role of a subject in a sentence containing a direct object. (Quirk, 1985, p. 741) The subject-agent is the initiator of the action, e.g. The prince moved his arms and shoulders. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 61) The affected participant role is a role typical for the direct object. The affected participant does not initiate the action, but there is a certain involvement in the action, (Quirk, 1985, p. 741), e.g. Prince Brat tied their powdered wigs to the backs of their oak chairs. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 1) Another participant role is the role of recipient. This role is usual for the indirect objects, but it can also be the role of a subject in passive structures of ditransitive verbs (DuÃ…Â ¡kovà ¡, 1988, str. 398), e.g. He was given a second chance. This participant has a passive, recipient, role in the action.Cutwater, serve them up our finest bread and herring. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 16) Attribute The attribute role is a role usual for both complements, subject and object complement. The complements give us the characterization of the subject or the object, e.g. Billy was a big man, he saw, big and raw as a skinned ox. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 12) It had a very large wet nostrils. Its a pig! said dad. (Hughes, 1992) External causer and instrument roles An external causer is usually some natural force, that unwittingly causes some action to happen (Quirk, 1985, p. 743),e.g. The flood damaged a great part of the village. We talk about the role of an instrument, when the subject or the object are used as tools of some action, e.g. This sharp knife will help you. The role of process The role of process is a role expressed by the verb. There are several subcategories of the role of process. The process of activity, of doing, e.g. Then Grandma and Mum came by to do some shopping. (Hughes, 1992) The process of communication, verbal process, e.g. Alfie asked them whether they were coming to buy something at the shop. Then the mental process of perception, e.g. Inside the tent he could hear Dad breathing. Another kind of mental process is the process of affectivity, e.g. Alfie liked Bonting a lot. There is also the process of cognition, e.g. He remembered that he had put him out to dry after his swim. The role of circumstance Again, there are several subcategories of the role of circumstance, but in this paper, we are going to deal just with three of them which are considered to be the most common, i.e. locative, temporal and the role of manner. Locative Locative circumstance role is a role expressing the position, distance and direction (Biber, 1999, str. 776), e.g. a Common boy was kept in the castle to be punished in his place. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 2) Temporal The role of temporal circumstance can express position in time, duration or frequency (Biber, 1999, str. 777), e.g. It was very late when they arrived home. Manner The last role of circumstance I am going to mention is the role of manner. The circumstance of manner tells us in what way some action was done or in what way something happened, e.g. Of course I can! answered the prince in a stinging voice. (Fleishman, 1987, p. 50) The role of circumstance is most common for adverbials, but it can also be the role of a subject, e.g. The night was dark. Multiple sentence Multiple sentence is a clause consisting of more than one clause. Quirk also makes distinction between two kinds of multiple sentences, the compound and the complex sentence. Compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more equal main clauses. Complex sentence is a structure consisting of one main clause that is superordinate, and at least one subordinate clause. (Quirk, 1985, p. 988) Syntactic relationships There are two types of syntactic relationship, the paratactic relationship; the relationship of grammatical equivalence and the hypotactic relationship; the relationship of grammatical nonequivalence. (Quirk, 1985, p. 918) Realisation of syntactic relationships The paratactic relationship may be expressed either by coordinating conjunctions, then we are talking about coordination or it may be expressed without the use of conjunctions and than we are talking about juxtaposition. The hypotactic relationship may be of subordination, using subordinating conjunctions or ,as in the previous case, juxtaposition i.e. without the use of conjunctions. Types of clauses in a hypotactic relationsip Dependent Clauses- Subordinate Clauses Finite clause Finite clause is a clause that contains a finite verb, e.g. Leaves crackled under Jemmys feet as he began to back off. We distinguish four types of finite clauses according to the purpose they serve in the discourse, i.e. what is the speakers intention to make the discourse and what is the expected response of his or her audience. Types of finite clauses Nominal Clauses Clauses that represent subject or direct object in the main clause are nominal clauses. This type of clause is introduced either by the subordinator that, or by wh-word, e.g. What youve just said is a total nonsense. Adverbial Clauses Adverbial clauses express the circumstances of the main clause and function as adverbials, they also share the same semantic classification with adverbials, e.g. If they were here, they would like it. Relative Clauses Relative clauses, also called adjectival clauses, function as postmodifiers of the noun phrase, which is called the antecedent. This type of clause is introduce by relative pronouns. Relative clauses may be defining of non-defining (restrictive or non restrictive). Restrictive relative clauses add some information that cannot be omitted without changing the meaning of the clause. Restrictive relative clauses identify the antecedent, e.g. The colours which has been chosen are not appropriate. Nonrestrictive relative clauses supply the clause with some additional information which is not necessary for understanding the main message of the clause, e.g. Jemmy, who was obliged to be close at hand for the daily lessons, reckoned that freedom was now close at hand. Comparative clauses The function of comparative clauses is to compare properties of some feature. According to Quirk (1985), there are three types of comparison, the comparison of equivalence (or of nonequivalence), e.g. Alfies elephant was old, nearly as old as Alfie., of sufficiency, e.g. It was big enough for two people to lie down in., or of excess, e.g. Annie Rose was too little to go camping. Reporting Clauses Reporting clause is a part of a direct speech. It introduces the speaker but it may also introduce the addressee, e.g. Bonting will have to have a new bathing suit, he told mum. , the type of act, e.g. But we cant leave Bonting behind! wailed Alfie. or the mode of the act, e.g. I didnt know Jim Gatting had put his pig in this field, grumbled Dad sleepily. The reporting clause may take the initial, medial and final position in the direct speech. The verb of the reporting clause is most commonly in the past tense form. Comment Clauses Comment clauses express speakers attitude to the content of the sentence, e.g. Tipped us over, as you see. While Biber (1999) compares comment clauses to reporting clauses with the verb in present tense, Quirk (1985) considers comment clauses a kind of disjunct. Types of finite clauses according to their function in utterance Declarative clauses In most cases, this type of clause expresses a statement and its purpose is to give information, e.g. Mum and Grandma were sitting in the garden having a cup of tea. In affirmative declarative clauses, as in the example above, the subject precedes the predicator. In negative declarative clauses, the subject is followed by auxiliary or modal verb, the negative particle and then comes the full verb, e.g. He didnt yelp or bellow. Interrogative clauses By means of interrogative clauses, the speaker wants to elicit some information. There are three main types of interrogative clauses: yes/no questions, wh- questions and alternative questions. Yes/no questions Yes/no questions, first main type interrogative clauses, which may also be called polar questions, is an interrogative to which the expected reaction of the addressee is either affirmation of negation, e.g. The ladies shrieked. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Did the ladies shriek? Compared to declarative clauses, the word order of interrogative clauses is different. In case of the verb to be, the question can be created by means of inversion, e.g. Its called Burrows and company. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Is it called Burrows and company? When the clause contains an auxiliary verb, the auxiliary goes in front of the subject with the full verb following, e.g. The king offered a reward for the whipping boy. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Has the king offered a reward for the whipping boy? When the sentence contains more than one auxiliary verb, the first auxiliary precedes the subject and the other auxiliaries follow the subject together with the full verb, e.g. Our prince has been abducticated. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Has our prince been abducated? The same rule is applied when a modal verb is a part of the verb phrase, e.g. A horse can always find his way home.à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Can a horse always find his way home. When there is no auxiliary verb in the declarative clause, the int errogative is created by means of do, e.g. We dress you up fancy and feed you royal .à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Do we dress you up fancy and feed you royal? Interrogative yes/no clauses may also be negative, e.g. Wasnt it your mother? The speaker usually uses negative questions in order to reassure himself or herself rather than to get some new information. In the structure of negative interrogative yes/no questions the negative particle follows the auxiliary or modal verb and precedes the subject. Question tags Question tags are not fully independent clauses, they are a part of a structure containing another, usually a declarative clause. Question tag is a tool supporting the interaction, using it, the speaker encourages the addressee to respond to the information given in the declarative clause. This type of interrogative consists of an operator and a personal pronoun. The operator of the tag question normally corresponds to the operator of the preceding clause, e.g. You can fend for your own self, cant you! When there is no operator in the declarative clause, the dummy auxiliary do is used to create the tag question, e.g. They own this house, dont they? Question tags may be also added, and they often are, to a clause which is not complete, e.g. The highwayman, are you! Wh-questions Another type of interrogative clauses are wh-questions. When the wh-word is a part of the subject, the word order is the same as in declarative clauses, e.g. Who cooks the dinner? When the wh-word is a part of another clause element, the common word order of interrogative clauses is used, e.g. Why did you do that! One type of interrogative questions are indirect interrogatives. The indirect questions (also reported questions) consist of projecting and projected clause, these are connected by means of whether or if, e.g. The children asked whether the story was true. As well as yes/no questions, the wh- questions may be negative, e.g. Where shouldnt we go? Alternative questions The last main type of interrogative clauses are alternative questions. These clauses are similar to polar interrogative clauses in the structure, but instead of expecting yes or no answers, it offers alternatives, presuming that one of the alternatives is the one to be chosen by the addressee, e.g. Would you like coffee or tea? Alternative interrogatives can also take the form of a combination of wh- question and elliptic alternative question, e.g. What would you like, coffee or tea? Minor types of interrogative clauses There are two more types of interrogatives that are, as to their occurrence, considered minor. These are called exclamatory questions and rhetorical questions. Exclamatory and rhetorical questions both have the typical interrogative structure. Exclamatory questions are usually negative yes/no questions, where the speakers intention is to receive the reaction of an assertion, e.g. Aint I already been whipped twice today! Rhetorical questions do not ask for any answers, they may be negative or positive yes/no questions expecting positive or negative assertion, e.g. Didnt I tell you who I was! Imperative Clauses The function of imperative clauses, some grammars e.g. (Quirk, 1985) use the term directives, is to give directives, i.e. instructions, orders, commands etc. Most typically, there is no subject in imperative clauses directed to 2nd person singular and plural, in fact there is no need of subject in this type of clause, as the addressee of the imperative is usually obvious from the context of the situation, e.g. Fetch the whipping boy! However, in order to make the directive stronger, the personal pronoun you may be used, e.g. You fetch the whipping boy! The subject can be also present in the tag question, e.g. Fetch the whipping boy, will you? When 1st and 3rd person singular and plural are the intended addresses, the imperative may be created by means of let, in this type of structure, the verb let is followed by the subject in objective case (Quirk, 1985, p. 829) e.g. Let me have a word with him! Except for let me, this type of clause is rather archaic. In colloquial English, the contracted form of let us, lets is commonly used, e.g. Lets parley! Imperative clauses may also take the negative form, e.g. And dont try to run away. or Lets not talk about it. Exclamative Clauses The function of this type of clause is to express some emotional impression like surprise, shock or others. According to Quirk (1985), exclamative clauses are only these starting with the wh- element how or what, e.g. What horrible new mischief was this! Bibers definition of the exclamative clauses is, compared to Quirks, more loose as Bibers exclamative clauses include other structures like declaratives, interrogatives or exclamative questions, e.g. Whats keeping you! Non-finite clauses Non-finite clause are clauses containing a non-finite verb, that is to-infinitive, bare infinitive, -ing participle or -ed participle. For example: He was determined never to spring a tear for the prince to gloat over. According to Biber (1999), a verbless clause can also be considered a non-finite clause. Each of the four main types of non-finite clause can take the form of a structure with or without the subject. Non-finite clauses lack modal auxiliaries and they are not marked as to the tense. Non-finite clauses may represent many syntactic roles, e.g. One afternoon, Mum gave Alfie a long cardboard box to play with., in this example the non-finite, to-infinitive, clause functions as an adverbial. The interpretation of the meaning on a non-finite clause is dependent on the main clause. Logico-semantic relationship- Expansion and Projection The advantage of multiple clauses, in contrast with simple clauses, is the ability to express more complex situations. In other words, a multiple clause is more precise in description of the reality as it is a reflection of our cognitive organisation of the situation. The logico-semantic relationships are described in detail in Hallidays An Introduction to Functional Grammar (1994). The following overview of the logico-semantic relationships is based on this publication. 4.1. Expansion Halliday (1994) describes expansion as a relationship when the clauses contain different kind of additional information. There are three subcategories of expansion: elaboration, extension and enhancement. Each of these subcategories may be of paratactic or hypotactic relationship. 4.1.1. Paratactic elaboration Exposition Using conjunctive elements such as in other words or that is in a sentence, we make a new statement about the content of the first clause from a different perspective. This kind of elaboration is called exposition. Exemplification Exemplification is another kind of paratactic elaboration, evolving the content of the preceding clause by giving an example, using conjunctive elements such as for instance or for example. Clarification Expressions like in fact or indeed are conjunctive elements that clarify the content of the first clause, therefore this kind of paratactic elaboration is called clarification. 4.1.2. Hypotactic elaboration Hypotactic elaboration is the relationship in non-defining (also non-restrictive clauses). 4.1.3. Paratactic extension- coordination Addition And, also, nor, in addition or furthermore are conjunctive elements putting together two situations in positive, negative or adversative relationship. As we are extending the content of the first clause by adding some information this, kind of paratactic extension is called Addition. Variation When the first clauses content is replaced by the content of the second clause by means of but or instead we talk about variation. Alternation When the first clause is given an alternative to its content by the second clause, using conjunctive elements such as eitherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or and on the other hand, it is the paratactic relationship of alternation. Explanation Explanation, also called specification, is a kind of extension, using conjunctive elements like that is or which means, where the content of the first clause is explained by the second clause. 4.1.4. Hypotactic extension Contrastive dependency When the dependent clause contrasts with the main clause in the case of contrastive dependency, common conjunctive elements for this kind of relationship are while or whereas. Subtractive dependency Subtractive dependency is a relationship of a main and a dependent clause, where the dependent clause subtracts from the main clause by means of expressions such as except that or but for the fact. Using elements like whereas, except that etc. may lead to the impression that the clauses are in a paratactic relationship. We can recognize the kind of relationship by exchanging the position of the clauses, if this exchange functions well, i.e. the rheme sentence is able to become the theme sentence, we can say that the relationship is hypotactic. The additive, adversative, contrastive, or subtractive relationships may be also expressed by non-finite -ing clause, using besides, instead of, without etc. 4.1.5. Paratactic enhancement Paratactic enhancement is a relationship realized by coordination or juxtaposition, being supported by conjunctions e.g. then, still, otherwise; conjunctive combinations e.g. and then, and so, and yet; or by cohesive combinations with and e.g. and in that way, and in this case; that give the information about the circumstances. 4.1.6. Hypotactic enhancement This kind of relationship is realized by adverbial clauses. 4.2. Projection The logico-semantic relationship of projection is the one expressed by direct and indirect speech. Selected titles For the sentence structure analysis, I selected two books of contemporary authors of childrens literature- Sid Fleischmans The Whipping Boy and Shirley Hughes The Big Alfie Out of Doors. Though the titles are relatively recent, both of them are appreciated and well known in the countries of their origin, in case of Sid Fleishmans Whipping Boy even abroad. Sid Fleischman and Shirley Hughes belong to the winners of prestigious awards that are given to the most significant contributors to childrens literature in the United States (Fleischman) and in the United Kingdom (Hughes). The titles chosen for the analysis deliberately differ in the target age group they are intended for. The minimal age distance between the readers of these two books is three years. The purpose is to demonstrate how the complexity of the sentence structures in a childrens book changes with the age of its intended readers. The Whipping Boy The Whipping Boy is a childrens book by American, Brooklyn-born author Sid Fleishman. Sid Fleishman is a very popular and respected author in the field of childrens literature not only in the USA, his works have been translated into fourteen languages. (Fleishman, 1987) The Whipping Boy is a book that mad

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biotechnology Biology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biotechnology Biology Essay The objective purpose of this assignment is the, familiarization of the connection between the biotechnology and agriculture; bringing on the contribution of the biotechnology science to agriculture. On the way to assess the specific contribution, citations of positives and negative effects are allocated as well as thoughts and worriers regarding the future of the association between biotechnology and agriculture. Ever since agriculture was developed, before 10 000 years (Sample et al .,2007), humans were attempting to invent new crops as well as and new techniques in order to make the production much more easy. Over the effort of the humanity to produce the best quality products as possible and in more quantities, new technologies and techniques were introduced allowing agriculture for further development. Standing on this piece of evidence it is a fact that most of the technological innovations where integrated to the agricultural science over the last 200 years.(Krimsky et al.,1996). On this improvements of the agricultural science it is appropriate to include the fertilizers, the plant breeding , the mechanization of the procedure as well as the management of the plant enemies using plant protection products (e.g herbicides, pesticides, fungicides).(Krimsky et al., 1996) However the discovery of recombinant DNA back in the early seventies opened a new era in modern agriculture introducing biotechnology into the field ,allowing the scientists to develop novel ideas of innovations in food production.(). As biotechnology is defined according to  the Convention on Biological Diversity, any technological application  uses biological systems, living organisms or their derivatives  create or modify products for specific use  »(Convention on  Biological Diversity, 1992).  This definition includes medical and industrial  applications and tools and techniques used in  agriculture and food production (FAO, 2004).  Among the best known  applications, is the creation of genetically modified foods, cloning  the sheep Dolly, the complete sequencing of the human genome and the  developments in stem cell research.  Like all technologies, so the  Biotechnology is associated with known and unknown risks and threats.  That in itself is a fo od source for the media to  the production of stories that attract readers (Gaskell et al., 2003). Benefits that may occur with the usage of genetic modified organisms had to do with several values that the humanity has set as priority objectives. Moreover the supporters of the agriculture biotechnology state that with the usage of GMOs the role of the sustainable environment is bounded; due to the fact that the main target is the reducing of the usage of pollutants such as pesticides and herbicides. An extra fact that is settled is that the population of the earth is about 6 billion; and with the possibility that there is a continuous trend for further increase.  Indicative, it is expected that over the next 50 years the worlds population will be doubled. With this fact, it is remarkable to declare that the humanity has to ensure that the quantities of food that will be produced ought to be adequate in order to feed the entire population of the earth. Perhaps this will be a huge challenge, whereas the agricultural sciences have the great responsibility. Standing on these factors; the supporters of genetically modified products, have highlighted a numeral benefits that may humanity obtain from their use. The Genetically Modified Organisms, in view of the fact that they have been introduced a gene from another organism, they are able to acquire properties compared with the natural plants as they have the ability to confer resistance to various biotic and abiotic factors such as resistance to various plant protection products from herbicide and pesticide as well as  salinity drought conditions. With the most usual method in conventional agriculture to protect the crops from pest insects to be spraying the plants with different chemical insecticides; have a lot of bad consequences. Even if the use of chemical insecticides is prudential spray or forced; the usual results of the non-rational usage of the chemical pesticides by farmers, lead to the fait accompli, which usual have to do with the huge ecological consequences. This method comprises negative effects on the environment and to the ecological balance.  Apart from the harmful insects to crops, the chemical pesticides may destroy many other species of insects which they might be consider as beneficial as well as natural enemies to the pests. The consequences result in a genuine ecological disruption. Furthermore, the excessive use of insecticides may create resistance of the insects so that to meet those needs is even what harmful. Additionally most chemical insecticides have toxic effects even for humans, with residu es of pesticides that may possibly end up through food chains. On this aspect, biotechnology has given a very good solution; deriving plants which have the power to react autonomously as bio insecticides. For this purpose, was isolated a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which can encode a protein with a natural insecticide action.(Pentheroudakis).  This protein is a ÃŽÂ ´-endotoxin and has toxic effects in an environment with pH 7,5 to 8,which can be observed in insects and not in the stomach of man.  The certain bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a biological insecticide for many years, and is grown in bioreactors and then can be sprayed on crops in order the plants to have the appropriate protection from the pests.  This solution is considered environmentally friendly since it excludes the use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides and does not lead to adverse health and environmental (standards 1999, deMaagd 1999). But also apart from its fucti on as a solution , it is also considered as non an economic solution since of the fact that Bacillus thuringiensis has a limit time of life and thats why it has have repeated sprays.(Penteroudakis) .Gene technology made possible the transformation of the particular gene which can produce the ÃŽÂ ´-endotoxin in plants; enabling plants to be protected from the destructive action of certain insects such as Lepidoptera.  There are several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and each strain produces a different toxin, which acts in a particular species of insects (Estruch et al, 1996).  This ensures the plants resistance to certain insect species by introducing a particular gene (the genes are called genes Bt). One of the applications of Bt producing plants is to resist the European corn borer, which is the main enemy pest of the U.S. corn crop and also responsible for damages cost $1 billion annually (Huang et al, 1999).   According to the company Monsanto, the production of tran sgenic Bt crops reduce the use of chemical pesticides by 1 million litters per year. The nematode worms, as soil organisms can cause serious damages to the crops. Parasitic nematodes can create serious trouble at a wide variety of plants and are responsible for significant crop losses.  Also the eggs survive in the soil under adverse conditions for many years.  Another thing that has to be concern is that it is extremely difficult to militate with parasitic nematodes particularly after the withdrawal of methyl bromide. With the contribution of biotechnology scientists found that various plants are resistant to nematode worms.  For the resistance of certain genes are responsible which have been isolated.  An example is the gene Gro1 potato, which confers resistance to Globodera rostochiensis.  This has opened the way for the possible introduction of these genes into crops to address the challenge of the filamentary.(Jung et al,1998) Crop plants genetically modified to withstand very  powerful and widely used herbicides, can help  to reduce environmental impact of the widespread use   herbicides.  One example is the creation of GM soya from the company Monsanto, which is not affected by the herbicide Roundup  ®,   product of the same company   (http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/ag_products/input_traits/products/round   up_ready_soybeans.asp).   The resistance of plants against viral diseases,  fungi and bacteria will improve the performance of the fields.   The company Monsanto released on the market in 1996, the genetically modified soybean, which is resistant to the widely used herbicide Roundup.  The genetically modified soybean was introduced the bacterial gene CP4-EPSPS that produces an enzyme resistant to the action of the herbicide.  The Roundup suppresses the activity of natural plant EPSPS enzyme and destroy the plants.  Genetically modified plants, however, producing a resistant enzyme is not affected by the action of Roundup.   The genetically modified soya has caused a storm of reactions in Europe.  Soybeans are particularly important because its derivatives are used in many processed foods such as soya lecithin used in the production of chocolates and baking.  In 1998 one third of total U.S. soybean crop was genetically modified, while in 1999 more than half [Mitten et al, 1999].   Another possible benefit of the usage of biotechnology in agriculture, is the possible creation in the future of seeds resistant to cold (the  introduction of the gene of antifreeze protein from fish  Antarctica), in salinity or drought, which will allow   crop plants in soils inhospitable to date indicative (Zhang and  Blumwald, 2001).   And the contribution of biotechnology does not stop here .It is possible the creation in the future, seeds and crops with high  nutritional value (Ye et al., 2000) which will allow for better nutrition  children in the Third World.One good paradigm to support this   Almost half the worlds population eats rice (Oryza sativa L.), at least once a day (IRRI undated). Rice is the staple food among the worlds poor, especially in Asia and partsof Africa and South America. It is the primary source of energy and nutrition for millions.Thus, improving the nutritional quality of rice could potentially improve the nutritionalstatus of nearly half the worlds population, particularly its children. Commodity ricecontains about 7% protein, but some varieties, notably black rice, contain as much as 8.5%(Food and Agriculture Organization 2004). The most limiting amino acid in rice is lysine.Efforts to increase the nutritional value of rice target protein content and quality along with key nutrients often deficient in rice-eating populations, such as vitamin A and iron.The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, is a primary center for riceresearch and development of improved varieties. In 1999, Dr. Momma and colleagues at Kyoto University, Japan, reported a geneticallyengineered rice having about 20% greater protein content compared with control rice (Momma et al. 1999). Transgenic plants containing a soybean gene for the protein glycinin contained 8.0% protein and an improved essential amino acid profile compared with 6.5%protein in the control rice. Also the production potential in the future of edible vaccines and drugs   in potatoes and tomatoes (Daniell et al., 2001).  Plants such as poplar, can the genetic modification to  used for phytoremediation contaminated by heavy metals in soils (Rugh, 2004). Apart from the advantages that biotechnology can donate to the agriculture sciences; there are and a lot of factors that as scientists and as consumers we have to be aware. There are ethical factors and other parameters that have to mostly with the environmental subjects that have to be in mind. Nearly all have expressed their concern about GM food and   the possible effects on health and safety of humans in   environment, economic situation of farmers and the poor of the world  making agriculture one of the few, powerful companies: environmental  activist organizations (such as Greenpeace, the Network against GMOs,  the GMWatch), religious organizations, citizens groups sensitized  (such as the Organic Consumer Association), researchers and scientists (such as  ETCgroup, the Institute of Science in Society, by The American Society of  Environmental Medicine, the Union of Concerned Scientists).   Experiments and studies  have identified a number of risks associated with the use of GM foods. Environmental hazards  that they might derived is firstly the challenge of unintended harm to other species. As an example of this;  laboratory studies have   shown that pollen from B.t.  GM corn caused high rates  of mortality in the larvae of the Monarch butterfly. (Losey etal., 1999)   The possible reduction of biodiversity, is another threat of the GM crops against the environment.  The widespread use of GM crops may  lead to reduced biodiversity in neighboring crops  GM ecosystem.  Because GM products are likely to have   competitive advantage over its natural wild varieties of plants,  the latter may not be able to survive with its attendant  reduction or extinction of wild varieties (Conner et al., 2003, Vacher et  al., 2004).  The GM crops can be fatal for others   organizations that share the ecosystem, as species of birds  (Watkinson et al., 2000).   The Horizontal gene transfer is another thing that worries the scientific world regarding the usage of GMOs. The introduction of exotic species into new   environments can cause extensive and irreversible  destruction through the horizontal transfer of genes, transport  ie genes among related organisms, and microbes in or   mammalian cells (unlike the vertical transmission is the transfer  genes from one generation to the next).  The transfer and integration  these genes would result in genetic modification  agencies beyond the estimates of researchers.  Such transfers   can lead eg  to create super weeds (literature  Review Ho and Cummnis, 2008).   General health problems in animals is another think that we have to be aware. A variety of studies in animals suggest that  consumption of GM foods can cause serious health problems  such as infertility, hormonal dysfunction, accelerated aging,   dysfunction of genes associated with cholesterol synthesis,  problems in the regulation of insulin, cell labeling and  protein synthesis and changes in the structure of the liver, kidney, spleen  and gastrointestinal (Ewen and Pustzai, 1999, Finamore et al.,   2008, Malatesta et al., 2008, Kilik and Akay, 2008, Kroghsbo et al., 2008).   Another object that we have to have in mind is allergies, which is the biggest, so far, side effects of GM foods   and is likely to increase the incidence of dangerous  allergies.  Many people and especially children are allergic to edible  plants such as peanuts, an allergy which can lead  death because of some proteins produced by them.  Projects  to increase the nutritional value of soybeans in the introduction to  genome of a gene from the Brazilian peanut abandoned  when research showed that the transgenic soy can promote allergic  reactions to people predisposed (Nordlee et al., 1996).  There  evidence that the genetically modified plant products are  even higher allergenic potential than conventional plants.   Several studies have been reported in the literature, suggesting that  the process of genetic modification may increase the allergen  potential of plants.  For example, levels of inhibitor  trypsin-allergenic agent of soybean are 27% higher  in GM soy.  Also, the Bt toxin in GM corn may  trigger allergic immune response since it contains   sequences that match EN identified allergens  (literature review Smith, 2007).  Scandal had caused  case of Bt corn Starlink à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ of Aventis, which  grown in the U.S. from 1998 to feed and industrial  purposes and not for human consumption because of concerns of  scientific staff of the U.S. Environmental  Protection that can cause allergic reactions.  In 2000,  modified corn Starlink à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ s put into tacos and  another 300 food products containing corn in various parts of  world, making visible the gaps that existed in the management of possible  risks from the use of GM (Bucchini and Goldman, 2002). Finally   A key argument of the proponents of GM crops, large  production and distribution companies modified seeds and lion  scientists, is the largest agricultural performance of biotechnology  crops, an argument which appears to be rebutted by the recent.  Research the Union of Concerned Scientists in which genetically   modified crops ultimately enhance the appearance of resistant  herbicides weeds thus reducing the production and leading to smaller  crops (Gurian-Sherman, 2009).  In addition, as mentioned previously, the GM seed  moving is patented and in future will also be sterilized  causing billions of poor farmers to buy expensive seeds each   time with disastrous results (Whitman, 2000). The application of genetic engineering resulted in the creation of genetically modified organisms resistant pathogens.  This became possible to transfer resistance genes, especially with the help of Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefasiens, in crop plants of great economic importance, such as corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, oilseed k.al.  The most commonly used gene is the Bt gene coding for the production of a toxin able to counteract the harmful insects on crops.  The isolation of the gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and the introduction of a plant species resulted in the creation of a broad class of transgenic plants resistant to attacks of insects, Bt plants.  The cultivation of Bt plants have the advantage of avoiding the use of chemical pesticides, which contain toxic and hazardous substances.  It is also important to create GM plants resistant to nematodes and herbicides, particularly in widely-used herbicide Roundup.   The cultivation of transgenic plants but can cause various environmental problems.  This is the transfer of genes to plants or weeds through pollen and thus creating heat-parasites, prevalence through natural selection of resistant strains of insects to the toxin Bt, the unexpected effect of Bt insect toxin safe for agriculture and the possible abuse  the creation of herbicide-resistant plants on them.   There is no doubt that the establishment and cultivation of genetically modified plants will not only continue but probably will in future become the dominant form of farming.  The attitude of scientists, especially those related to environmental protection, towards GMOs should be responsible and critical.  The new research data, the largest observation time, economics and the comparison of the potential risks with the multiple benefits will help shape a scientifically informed view on the impact of GMOs into the environment.

Social Work Essay -- Papers

Social Work Social work is located within some of the most complex problems and perplexing areas of human experience, and for this reason, social work is, and has to be, a highly skilled activity.† (Trevithick, 2000,p.1) Explain the meaning of this statement, and consider whether it is an adequate definition of the nature of social work. The aim of this assignment is to discuss the interpretation of the statement given above, to analyse this definition and compare it to others that are available and to conclude by discussing whether this is an adequate definition in relation to the nature of social work. In order to fully discuss the statement given by Trevithick it is important to be aware of the history of social work and to observe the changes that have occurred over the centuries. Social work was developed in the late 19th century with the implementation of the Poor Law Report; this led to the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1934. Prior to this date, Charitable Organisations looked after people who were unable to care for themselves, in partnership with the Christian church. It is questionable whether these organisations offered help and support to people in need, or whether they just hid away societies most vulnerable people to take the problem away from the public eye. In a similar way to the 19th century, social work in the 21st century offers support and guidance to vulnerable people. Whereas, the methods used have been developed and improved upon to ensure that the service user is receiving as high a quality of service as poss... ...rs†. Because social work covers such a diverse range of the population and uses such a wide variety of methods this will make it problematic to construct a brief definition that covers all areas involved, as it also has to portray the complexity that is involved with the profession on a day to day basis. This may be why there is such a diverse range of definitions available in relation to the nature of social work. Social work is a profession that changes constantly because there is a great deal of continuous learning involved. Ideas and perspectives change all the time and although the implementation of the new degree will ensure that all social workers deliver a service to as high a standard as possible this is only achievable because of the change in standards put in place by the General Social Care Council.

The Role of Alcohol in Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Essays

The Role of Alcohol in Tender is the Night      Ã‚   All of the main characters in Tender is the Night are wealthy enough that they can lead a life of leisure. One of the main activities of this lifestyle is drinking. Drunkenness causes and is the result of many negative things that happen to the characters. This is evidenced the most by the actions of Abe North and Dick Diver. The first time we meet Dick Diver in Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night he is "going from umbrella to umbrella carrying a bottle and little glasses in his hands"(Fitzgerald, 11). From that point on there is alcohol involved in almost every scene.    The first time that alcohol played a major role was in the duel between Tommy Barban and Mr. McKisco. McKisco was drunk when he challenged Tommy to the duel. He was also drunk when the duel went on. Both shots missed and the duel was over, but the role of alcohol had made its impression.    Abe North was the first character to be portrayed as an alcoholic. Rosemaary noticed that "his eyes were bloodshot form sun and wine"(Fitzgerald, 60) and that "he was always stopping in places to get a drink"(Fitzgerald, 60). He repeatedly missed the boat back to America and as a result of his drinking habits a dead Negro appeared in Rosemary's bedroom. Abe North eventually died in a fight at a speakeasy. Drinking caused his entire downfall. There really was not much background given on Abe that would give the reasons that he drank. His career was not very successful, but it really could not be determined which came first, his drinking or his lack of success.    Rosemary had her first drink with the Divers and the Norths. She did this because she thought it would somehow bring her closer to the group. She... ...He no longer practiced medicine and he was not helping Nicole get any better. His drinking went on to cause him further unhappiness by making things with Nicole even worse, and was the reason that he lost both his social standing and his career.    Alcohol had some effect on all the characters in Tender is the Night either directly or through a loved one. It was the cause of the ruin of two of the main characters. Drinking played a very important role in many of the events that took place.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bruccoli, Matthew J. and Judith S. Baughman. Reader's Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night. New York: Collier Books. 1982. Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night: The Broken Universe. New York: Twayne, 1994.

Manet and Paris De Refuses

Edouard Manet lived an intriguing life significantly changing world history, especially in the arts. In the 19th century, Salon De Paris hosted a yearly public exhibition of artists paintings approved by the board. Edouard Manet’s controversial and unexpected paintings became the biggest challenge and publicity for the salon, probably not in the way the Paris Des Salon would have chosen. All artists displaying exhibitions sanctioned by the show were required to paint within the standards and codes of conduct set by the French Art Academy; Academie des Beaux-Arts. Any artists refusing to follow educational guidelines were rejected from showing their paintings. Their work had to abide by the educational standards taught in the French school to show paintings in the Salon De Paris exhibition. Edouard Manet was not very accommodating to tradition, a rebellion for being discharged from the Navy. In 1862, the Salon De Paris rejected Edouard Manet’s painting, Luncheon on the Grass. This rejection started a series of events marking a turning point in the history of art. Manet’s and other young French artists who admired the impressionists art style challenged the salon’s decisions. Napoleon 111 opened an exhibition allowing the salon’s rejects to display their art. The event which was separate from Salon De Paris was named Salon des Refuses, meaning the salons rejects. At this time, it was not considered a high honor to have works displayed in the Salon des Refuses. Today, the artists who had their work showcase in the Salon des Refuses have the same notoriety and respect as artists who’s work was accepted by the Salon des Paris. Manets paintings were very pleasing, aesthetic, but were prevented from accepted by the public. It was the times they lived in. When they did reach the public, his paintings received harsh, vicious criticism. Manets paintings directly went against the erroneous purpose and rigid rules of academic art teachings. The academy had problems accepting Manets technique and subject matter, often portraying women with no clothes, two men in landscape or outdoor settings. All of his paintings were fully colored, not having any shadows in the pictures. The 1862 Salon Des Refuses lead to the Avant-Garde, which simply means testing the traditional rules or pushing beyond the boundaries. The rejection of Luncheon on the Grass, the opening of the Salon des Refuses and the Avant-Garde lead the movement of art world into Impressionism. Edouard Manet’s rebellion against military, education and politically correct standards through his paintings made more contributions than any one person ever did from any point in history. Manet and Salon Des Refuses Introduction: Edouard Manet was a French artists famous for inventing the entire impression era during his very short lived life, dying at only 50 years old. After his discharged from the military, he devoted his entire life to art. Through his art career, he inspired historical changes influencing all aspects of the artworld. Significant changes inspired by Manet influenced music, drama, theatre dance and paintings. In his brief lifetime, the impression class, the avant-garde and Salon des Refusal became fully developed legitimate organizations upon challenging Salon de Paris's rejection of his painting. Impressionism; According to the study of Manets style, impressionism is heavily associated with color. Manet is the mastermind behind the impressionism era. Manet’s breaking traditions began the impression age, but the impressionism era was marked when Monet created a painting called Sunrise. â€Å"The term impressionism was coined to describe the work of certain painters who professed to record the impression which they have received from the object studied. At close range, the picture appeared confused and intelligible; it was necessary to stand some distance away from it in order to discover what it was all about† (Forest, 1913, Page 584). Realism painters are very formal artists, concealing any individuality, uniqueness, identity or personality within the messages or storytelling in their artwork. The purpose of realism paintings are to retell historical events from the past. Up until Manets invention of the impression stage, artists created artwork to keep history alive, and relay the same historical messages in multiple different interpretations. Impressionism is a resemblance of the contrast between today’s Ballet dance vs Hip hop. The art does not have to follow narrow based rules and may be an expression of the individual to please the audience. Art is not required to be a reinvention of sentimental or historical meaning to serve a purpose, or target an audience. Art can be aesthetically pleasing. Aesthetic art work does not reinvent history, it makes history while keeping up with the current trends, Impression or aesthetic usually appeals to a younger generation, perhaps more common, everyday people. This type of art in music, dance, theatre is usually taken at face value, or for what it is. Impressionist’s artists paint in the here and now. They are not concerned about the future, or the past. Both an impressionists and realism artist create a piece of art or paint a picture of the same beach. Each artist would use different colors, shadowing methods, brush stroke techniques. Both beach paintings would show clouds in the sky. The picture painted by the impressionists would have shorter, broken up clouds, resembling exactly what the viewer would see if they went to that beach when the artist painted it. The impression artist goes to the place where he or she can see what they are painting or drawing. The realism artists paints outdoor scenery while they are in the studio. The clouds, sun, waves symbolizes a historical story. Impressionists uses brighter colors, place strong emphasis on natural outdoor lighting and the actual surroundings. Realism artists took pride in people staying spell bound by their work, to get the hidden meanings portrayed through symbology. Artists wants to take its audience into a deeper level, consuming their attention, leaving them with something they will remember, or even change their life. Artists intend on making lasting impressions on its audience. The salon wanted to maintain a certain status level of its customers. â€Å"Although Edouard Manet studied for six years with Thomas Couture, his painting style was primarily influenced by studying the old masters in the Musee de Louvre in Paris, particularly the works of Spanish painters, Bartolome Esteban Murillo, Jusepe de Ribera and most important Diego Velazquez† (Kramer, 2002). Today, it stands no secret Manet greatly admired Velazquez. The art traditions set by Manet was inspired by Velazquez. The Salon De Paris and the Academie des Beaux-Arts: The Salon De Paris was a highly prestigious well respected event organized by the Academie des Beaux-Arts. The Salon De Paris was made up of a board of highly qualified judges who analyzed paintings submitted by artists. The salon first concern was to ensure all paintings displayed in the show satisfied all requirements set by the French art academy. The academy wanted to retain a certain level of customers. The Salon De Paris, working closely with the Academie des Beaux-Arts had an obligation to honor Napoleon 111 regulations. Napoleon 111 was a French emperor having full rein of the school. When the salon rejected Edouard Manet’s Luncheon on the Grass, the salons authority was immediately questioned. The rejection of this painting, inspired Manet to go through a process beginning a series of events that permanently changed art. Manets impression paintings were new, introduced the unfamiliar. The Avant-guard is all about breaking boundaries, pushing limitations. Many musicians, singers and George Bush Jr and his cabinet are accused of pushing boundaries, only a compliment to them. Traditional paintings, or paintings following the academic standards retold history, suppressing their own ideas. The salon or the art academy tested artists imaginations and creativity. Artists were discouraged from inventing or painting any stories or ideas, or pictures just for an image of the picture itself. Artists were required to paint what already existed, or did at one time or another. Although they were retelling history, they faced the challenge of inventing original ways to tell the same story repeated thousands times through previous paintings, theatre, music and writings. If an artist was talented, had a great imagination, and was inspired strong enough by historical events, he was capable of creating orginal fascinating works which portrayed the same meaning. All artist before the impression era had to create their art to retell biblical and traditional stories. Any individual messages from the artists had to be within the traditional social standards passed on through many generations. The Salon Des Refuses: The Salon Des Refuses rejected Manets painting, Luncheon on the Grass, because the subject matter was considered indecent. Manet painted an out of shape naked woman having a picnic on the grass with two fully clothed men. Artists have used artist’s models, a naked person who sits in a pose for the artists to paint, since the beginning of art. In the realism stages, or if the naked model symbolized a historical time event, it was considered art. Naked models painted in a realistic setting were considered pornography content. The rejection of Luncheon on the Grass and Whistler’s, A White Girl, drew lots of complaints from the public and the French artists who supported Manet’s style. Napoleon made the decision to allow a public exhibition of the salons rejects. The event was separate from the Salon De Paris. The salon repeatedly rejected Manets paintings, yet he kept submitting paintings in the same aesthetic style. Many art historians argue Manets rejections were intentional. â€Å"Many scholars contend that Manets 1863 masterpieces Dejeuner sur l Herbe, Breakfast in the Grass and Olympia set the stage for modern evolution of modern art and the 1907 creation of Picasso’s Demoiselle D Avignon. Was this intentional? Artists and art historian Anderson believe it was, arguing that the French painter wished to challenge academic paradigms pertaining to both style and the substance of artworks submitted to the Paris Salon Jury† ( Lajos, 2005). Submission of artwork rejected over and over, and resubmission making no compromise to alter paintings to conform to academic standards indicates Manet had altered motives for submitting his work. A generous inheritance from his father allowed Manet the financial independence to break these traditional rules, and paint mainly for his own enjoyment. Of course, the reason behind repeated submissions to the salon, if any, can only be left to individual opinions. The salons refusal to accept his paintings are narrowed down to one issue; The prestigious Salon des Paris and the academy had no way of foretelling publics reactions to acceptance of art that have not been tested. It was a political risk for the salon. Through most of Manets life, he was ridiculed, criticized, received harsh psychological attacks from the public. The attitude of the people says much more about people in general than Manets paintings. People rejecting Manets paintings wrote books about his artwork. Any painting, no matter how unappealing, does not have the ability to leave the gallery and harm these people who were so angry with the paintings. People are obsessed with the things they hate. One critic wrote a book about the impressionist artists titled â€Å"In Praise of Cosmetics. † Her theory was that Manets use of color with several paintings featuring naked women reflected prostitutes. Cosmetics are viewed as artificial, something a woman uses to seduce a man. This is seldom true, but cosmetics are often viewed in this light. The salon certainly did not want to offend activists involved in women’s rights movement, who concluded Manets paintings branded women as prostitutes. The content or the objects Manet drew was found objectionable by the salon. Many of his paintings showed a woman with no clothes with two men, outdoors. This is what the public was concerned about, not the coloring content, although it was used as a reason for rejection. They did not want to bring attention or focus to the naked women. Manet could argue that art used naked women in the renaissance ages. Other analysts interpret Manets paintings as a rebellion surfacing from his discharge from the military. He is leaving no room in his interpretations through the use repeatedly criticized color, light and atmosphere, he is protesting against anything standing for tradition, military or academic. He is telling everyone he is not following the current rules for art, and has no intentions to do so, he is still going to produce paintings by his own rules. Manet could never see himself wearing his uniform through a painting. He expressed respect and admiration for the uniform, but could not actually picture himself in the uniform. Manet had respect for the salon and the academy, but just could see himself in the academy. Through the art work and relationship with the Salon des Refusal, or Salon des Paris, he was living out his life experience with the military discharge. (Wright 2004). The more the public ridiculed Manet, the more controversial his paintings became. This was intentional. After a while of being ridiculed, mocked and harassed, the target begins to do whatever it takes to kept the reactions going. If anything, they are talking about his paintings the most. Whatever people hate, is the one thing that has them enslaved. Everyone is obsessed with whatever it is they hate or despise. Salon Des Paris Biggest Change: Salon Des Paris became the center of everyone’s concerns when its opposing event, Salon Des Refuses 1863 occurred. The Salon Des Refuses received publicity because of what it did not accept. (Wynford, 1904). The Salon Des Paris had a long term relationship with Manet. In 1859, Manet sent his first painting to the salon, The Absinth Drinker, the salon rejected it. The next two paintings, a double portrait of his mother and father and the Spanish Guitar was not only accepted by the salon, but highly honored. From here on out, the Salon and Manet continuously rebelled against each other. The only other honor the Salon would give Manet was a year before his death. In 1861, the salon refused another submission by Manet; Music at the Tuileries. Music at the Tuileries was more than just another painting for Manet. He set a new trend called en plein air, which the recently rejected painting was to be a trademark or signature of Manets original painting style. (1904) En plein air, translating to, in plain air, is the standard technique used by impression artists. Impression artists are famous for painting landscapes and outdoor painting. They paint from outside the studio. The realism artists painted landscapes and outdoor paintings. They used neutral, down to earth tones, grey, shades and colors. Impressionists use colors closer to giving actual visualization of the outdoor brightness. The background of their paintings actually set the coloring, usually daylight or moonlight, overlooking the entire picture. The impression artists did not paint many small details. The impressionists painted with what they imagined the audience saw when looking at the picture at first glance. The paintings make an impression at first glance. And needless to say, en plein air painting trend broke all traditional rules of painting. Manet replaced shadows, greys, blacks and other neutral colors with bright colors. All of the space on the canvas was filled with vivid contrasting colors. The Salon des Refuses in 1863 was a one time event. In 1865, the Salon des Paris discouraging another Salon des Refuses allowed all artists to display their exhibitions. They had another surprise. Manet shocked them once again with his painting, The Olympia. The very next exhibition, the Salon nonapologetically, nonsympathetically, without much consideration refused Manets paintings. (1904) Conclusion: At the very end of Manets life and career, his artwork and contributions were accepted, and honored. Edourd Manet 1832-83) was a French artists famous for inventing the entire impression era, during his very short lived life, died at only 50 years old, he inspired historical through his art career in all aspects of the art world. Significant changes inspired by Manet influenced music, drama, theatre dance and paintings. In his brief lifetime, the impression class, the Avant-garde and Salon des Refusal became fully developed legitimate organizations when he challenged the Salon des Paris's rejection of his paintings. The Salon des Paris did rejected works to uphold a certain class of people. Educated people attracted to art look beyond the visual aspects, are taken into the storytelling of the art work to derive deeper meanings out of it. Aesthetics and Impressionism art, according to the art analyst of that time were going to attract people who take art at face value, such as viewing a nude person as porn, or some other inappropriate sexual interpretation. These types of people have little money, younger crowd and will find great humor in breaking into the gallery â€Å"just to get a naked picture. † The salon probably considered this possibility when rejecting Manets works. However, Manet would not have stood out like he does today if he did not receive continuous rejections from the Salon. Creating sexual artwork falling into grey areas is the fastest way for an artists to become famous. Famous means everyone is talking about that artists more than other artists. Many historians point to incredibly believable supporting evidence that Manet purposely seeked repeated rejections from the salon. The one time he made his mark in history, was not when he convinced Napoleon 111 to hold an exhibition of the salons rejects, but probably when he submitted a painting of the Olympia the year after the salon allowed an open exhibition, preventing another Salon des Refusal. Some professionals studying Manet and the Salon Des Refusal argue his secretive rebellion for his military discharge surfaced through his paintings. Manets works that were refused by the public and the salon worked for him. The salon could have came with any reason for continuous rejections, the technique or subject content. Manet was always seeking controversy, not every rejected painting from the salon was by accident. He created an entirely new art era, called the impressionism stage. Today, his rejected artworks hangs in the most prestigious of the art galleries.